EFFECTS OF JEALOUSY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEONTE’S ATTITUDE IN SHAKESPEARE’S THE WINTER’S TALE A BEHAVIORISM APPROACH

SUWARSIH, CHOTIJAH ASTRI (2008)
Abstract
This research investigates mental condition of the man’s attitude caused by jealousy in the relationship with his wife, especially viewed by behaviorism approach. This study belongs to qualitative study. In this method, the writer uses two data sources; they are primary and secondary data sources. The primary data source and the object of the study is the play, The Winter’s Tale itself, meanwhile the secondary ones are books of literature and psychology related to this study. The writer collects the data from both primary and secondary data sources in a sort of document evidence. The result of the study is that Leontes’ attitude in William Shakespeare The Winter’s Tale is reflected through characters and characterization, plot and theme. Shakespeare shows the changeable mental condition of people caused by attitude and jealousy in their relationship with other people around them.

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
A drama has a unique design compared with the other literary forms. A
drama or a play is written to be acted on the stage. Drama represents the
experience or the picture of human life. By enjoying drama, we also get a
study of human characters. As Roby and Ulanov (1962: 11) define that a play
is about an action, a happening in human life.
Reaske explains in his book How to Analyze Drama:
”A drama is a work of literature or composition, which
delineates life and human activity by means of presenting
various actions of- and dialogues between groups of
characters” (1966: 5).
The statement explains that drama represents the experience or
illustration of human life and his activities or actions. They are expressed
through dialogues among the characters. This means that we can study about
human life and their actions or activities by reading drama. One of them is
about Shakespeare’s plays in The Winter’s Tale.
Because Shakespeare took no interest in publication of his plays, his
drama got into print in uncertain and unreliable ways. It is difficult to say
which plays, if any come to us straight from Shakespeare’s manuscripts.
Corrupt texts abound. The Winter’s Tale was never published during
Shakespeare’s life. The play was first printed in 1623, in the collection of
plays known as the First Folio. Modern publications of the play are based
directly on this First Folio printing.
Based on the fact above, the researcher intends to conduct a study on
psychological aspect of a character in play. The researcher then focused on the
effects of Leontes attitude toward other characters, one of the major characters
in The Winter’s Tale, a novel written by William Shakespeare.
Every human being cannot avoid the changes that happen in their
surrounding. It is a problem in the real world and in daily life. But sometimes
the changes that happen not always make different meaning. People react
differently when something comes up in their lives. They react positively if
they can adapt to something new that brought in their life. They can also react
negatively if they fear of something new. They feel that the new changes only
destroy their life system.
Sometimes in our daily life, there are many kinds of problem we have
to face, for example, problems in the household, in the relationship between
people and the other problems in their life. Every human being is unique based
on different attitude and character he has. He must have big power and big
patience, if he does not want to be lost in the real world.
For some people, jealousy may be beneficial because it can warn them
about the threat or impending danger, so that they can prepare a proper way to
overcome it. For the most people, jealousy can be dangerous because if they
cannot handle it, it may influence them, so that they may do anything to
overcome it although it seems irrational and cruel.
The attitude of jealousy is psychological problem in the daily life. We
often see people who are jealousy and confused. Although jealousy happens to
people in the real life, it is also possible that jealousy happens to fictive
characters in a literary work. The fictive characters in the literary work,
therefore, are treated as the real person in the real of human life.
The jealousy for human life gives inspiration to Shakespeare to
produce the play about it. Shakespeare lived in a time of great transformation
for Western Europe. New advances in science were overturning ancient ideas
about astronomy and physics. The discovery of the Americas had transformed
the European conception of the world. Increasingly available translations of
classical texts were a powerful influence on English Literature and art.
Christian and pagan worldviews interacted with each other in rich and often
paradoxical ways, and signs of that complicated interaction are present in The
Winter’s Tale. On stage at least, this mix meant that plays set in the classical
era often portrayed people and places in a fascinating and complicated hybrid
form, half-Renaissance and half-classical.
The Winter’s Tale was one of Shakespeare’s last plays, written in the
years between 1608 and 1612. Many of the concerns of the play reflect
familiar political issues of the day. At the center of the play is a royal family
separated by tragedy, and their miraculous reunification provides the play’s
happy ending. Prior to 1603, England had gone a long time without a full
royal family: Elizabeth had been childless and unmarried, meaning that
England had majesty Virgin Queen who was worshipped and adored. But they
had no full royal family that they could look to as a model for their own
families, no central family to act as symbolic microcosm for the larger family
of the English nation. In 1603, James I ascended to the throne, and suddenly
England had such a family. This significant event undoubtedly influenced the
writing of The Winter’s tale.
The interesting part discussed in this play is about the attitude of King
Leontes in his jealousy of his wife with the Polixenes. He is a Leontes’s best
friend. Based on the psychological theory, the researcher will analyze the play
by using a behaviorism approach. The figure of King Leontes is a reflection of
human being who has emotional disturbance. The disturbance is indicated by
his jealousy that influences behavior.
Based on the explanation above, the writer purposes Behaviorism
Approach to study about Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale and the writer
entitled this paper: EFFECTS OF JEALOUSY ON THE DEVELOPMENT
OF LEONTES’ ATTITUDE IN SHAKESPEARE’S THE WINTER’S TALE:
A BEHAVIORISM APPROACH.
B. Literary Review
As long as the researcher knows, there has been other researcher who
did a research about the play, namely Ninik Puspito Rini. The title to her
research is Anxiety in William Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale:
Psychoanalytic Perspective. In her researches he focused on the King
Leontes’s anxiety that influences his personality in his life in the William
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale.
In this occasion, the researcher tries to conduct the research paper on
the Effects of Jealousy on the Development of Leontes’ Attitude in
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale which appears by using a behaviorism approach.
C. Problem Statement
The problem of the study is focused on the effects of jealousy on the
development of the protagonist’s attitude toward other characters in William
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale.
D. Limitation of the Study
In this research, the researcher will focus on the analysis of the major
character in Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale viewed from A Behaviorism
Approach
E. Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To analyze the structural elements of the play.
2. To analyze the play based on a behaviorism approach.
F. Benefit of the Study
There are two benefits of the study:
1. Theoretical Benefit
Theoretically the result of the study contributes to the larger body of
knowledge particularly literary study on Winter’s Tale of Shakespeare.
2. Practical Benefit
Practically, the study can add the knowledge to the researcher of the
behaviorism theory applied in a literary work, particularly on The Winter’s
Tale in Shakespeare.
G. Research Method
In this research, the writer takes a certain procedure covering some
steps. They are:
1. Type of the Study
This research can be categorized as a type of descriptive qualitative
research, because this research has an objective to give an explanation
rather than in number as the form of the data.
2. Object of the Study
The researcher takes Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale as the object of
her study.
3. Type of the Data and the Data Source
The data employed in this research are classified into two groups. The
first is the primary source and the second is secondary source.
a. Primary Data Source.
Primary data sources are those which are closest to the source of
the answers for a research. The data are taken from the play
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale Scripts by William Shakespeare. The
primary source involves the dialogues between or among the
characters, ideas, ways of thinking, attitudes and the whole narration of
the play, which is relevant to the subject matter of this research.
b. Secondary Source.
The secondary data sources are from any information related to
the play and the references of some books of psychology and theory of
literary books. The data are not obtained from the play but they are
taken from others sources like criticism, essay, the author biography,
and other information which are relevant to the subject matters in the
research problem.
4. Technique of the Data Collection
The writer takes some steps such are:
a. Reading the play The Winter’s Tale. After that the writer has an
analysis in this play whether or not the jealousy has effects to the
main character’s attitude toward other character.
b. Taking notes of the important part in primary and secondary data.
c. Browsing to the internet to get some information that related the topic.
d. Classifying the data into some categories which relevant from the analysis.
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer employs descriptive qualitative
analysis of content analysis. The analysis is started from the structural
analysis of the work and finally the behaviorism analysis of the literary work.
H. Paper Organization
This study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is
introduction which explains the background of the study, literature review,
problem statement, limitation of the study, objective of the study, benefit of
study, research method and paper organization. The second chapter is dealing
with review of underlying theory; in this chapter the writer explains the
notion, the pioneer of behaviorism, principles, Relationship between Jealousy
and Attitude and theoretical application. The third chapter is structural
analysis; in this chapter the writer explains the structural elements of the play
and discussion. The fourth chapter is behaviorism analysis of the play, and the
last chapter is conclusion and suggestion.