NUGROHO, ARIEF ADHY MONO (2008)
Abstract
The major problem of this study is the importance of self-concept of David in the Charles Dickens novel’s David Copperfield. The study is focused on the major character, namely David Copperfield. The researcher employs qualitative method. In this method, the researcher uses two data sources, namely primary and secondary data resources. The primary data source is the novel itself. The secondary data sources are the books about the psychology, some books about self concept, the autobiography of the author and the other sources which are related to the analysis. The method of data collection is library research and the technique of data collection is descriptive technique. ased on the analysis, the outcome of this study shows that the importance of the major character self concept is the way how to solve the problem faced and how to develop self concept in major character’s life. Then, there are elements of self concept in the David characteristic which is shown by Dickens and to be a fully functioning person. The problem in David life can be solved by showing the good self concept and the characteristic of fully functioning person. So, his ways to develop his self concept makes David solve his problem to become a fully functioning person and reach the happiness in his life.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
People in this world want to be appreciated and regarded by the others.
That’s why people like to do another thing that comes out of their character.
They want their life and their attendances to be useful and see by the others.
For those, people want their existence to be regarded. That’s the reasons why
people like to do things out of the character. That’s one of the reasons why
people like to be regarded in this life. It is related to the human psychology.
The main point of the psychology is dealing with the life of the human beings.
It can be shown in the hope, ambition, sadness, joy, needs and respect. They
show that humans have a unique thing inside of them. It makes people have
different dreams, hopes, desire, needs and the way to make all of it work in
life. People have a different style and problem that face in life.
Roger states that a person’s unique subjunctive experience of reality
and self are central to any dynamic understanding of personality (Dworetzky,
1988: 428). Every person has his/her own character and identity. They show
the identity to people in order to understand about their self concept. If the
people are able to control and understand the self concept it will make the
people take a right decision and determined their choice of life. If their self
concept are consists and stable it makes the people have a strong character and
able to make the right choices. It also makes the person never feel neglect to
the choice that he/she take. If the self concept changed readily that makes the
person lack of the consistency of character personality in life.
One of the literary novels that are related to self concept is David
Copperfield by Charles Dickens, a British writer (1812-1870). He was born in
Portsmouth, England in February 7, 1812. He lived in with the people in
under condition as a worker in the factory. He takes this situation and the
conditions of the working-class people as major themes of his works. Dickens
wrote, "No advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no support
from anyone that I can call to mind, so help me God!", Journalism Dickens
became a journalist, reporting parliamentary debate and traveling Britain. His
journalism informed his first collection of pieces. Most of his novels first
appeared in serialized form. In his early twenties he made a name for himself
with his first novel The Pickwick Papers. Novels Among his best known
works are Great Expectations, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Nicholas
Nickleby, and A Christmas Carol. David Copperfield is argued by some to be
his best novel it is certainly his most autobiographical. He was a fierce critic
of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society.
David Copperfield is a novel that has a major theme throughout, the
discipline of the emotion and moral life. We learn to go against "the first
mistaken impulse of the undisciplined heart", a theme which is repeated
throughout all the relationships and characters in the novel. The characters are
those who have disciplined hearts, those who lack disciplined hearts, or those
who develop disciplined hearts over time.
David Copperfield character is a person who ever makes a mistake and
learns how to make a better situation. In this novel David is able to develop
his life and able to control the needs, dreams and desire of something. In this
novel David is a major character that has a complicated problem in his life,
which is able to be solved and not yet solved.
The novel makes the researcher interested in David’s life, in the way
he makes the decision in the different situation and different solution without
leave his self-concept. The problem faced and the reaction of the environment
to David is also interesting. So, the researcher is interested in how David
makes his life better. The self concept of David is the point why he is able to
make right decisions. Beside that if David makes mistakes, he is able to make
it better, not only make a better decision but also make a better situation from
the first decision. Self concept is the mental and conceptual understanding and
persistent regard that sentient beings hold for his existence. The overview of
self-concept theory has focused on the describing the ways people organize
and interpret their inner world of personal existence.
The approach which is used to analyze the novel is humanistic. In the
humanistic psychology the environmental situation, social life and the self
conflict are the basic element of self concept. The life of David and the choice
of David life is a unique one. It is also supported with this great writer of the
novel. That’s why this research is interesting to study. It is complete that the
researcher has the right method and background of the study, then the
researcher uses a title “The Importance of Self-Concept in Charles Dickens
David Copperfield: a Humanistic Psychological Approach”
B. Literature Review
The researcher found a research related to the study about David
Copperfield by Charles Dickens. In Muhamadiyah University of Surakarta,
the research was conducted by Ulfatul Khasanah entitled: The Struggle for
Life in Charles Dickens David Copperfield: Individual Psychological
Approach. The problem in her research was about the aims of David
Copperfield life based on the Individual Psychological approach. She also
analyzed the struggle of David to get his aim in the novel. In Sebelas Maret
University (UNS) the researcher did not found the research related to the
study. The research believes that there must be other researchers who have
developed and analyzed the novel, because it is a great author and novel in the
literature.
C. Problem Statement
The problem that the researcher wants to study is about the David
Copperfield’s life described in Charles Dickens novels. Through the way and
the condition of the major character, the researcher formulated the major
problem in this study that is the importance of self-concept of David in the
Charles Dickens novel’s David Copperfield.
D. Limitation of the Study
In conducting the research, the researcher limits the problem on the
self-concept of David as the major character in the Charles Dickens, David
Copperfield. The researcher uses the humanistic psychological approach that
is related to the way of life in the major character in the novel.
E. Objective of the Study
Considering the problem statement above, the objectives of the study
in the research are:
1. To analyze the novels based on its structure elements
2. To analyze the novels based on humanistic psychological
F. Benefit of the Study
This study will give the benefit as following:
1. Theoretical Benefit
For the academic benefit, the researcher hopes that this
research can give the additional information to the large body of
the literature view and structural elements such as: the
characterization, plot, setting, style, etc.
2. Practical Benefit
For practical benefit, the researcher hopes that the research
can give the deeper understanding in the novel based on humanistic
psychological approach.
G. Research Method
The research method used by the researcher is described as follows:
1. Object of the Study
The researcher took the Charles Dickens novel David
Copperfield as the object of her study.
2. Type of the Data and Data Source
a. Type of the Data
The type of the data is a text that consists of sentence,
clause, phrase and word.
b. The Data Source
The researcher uses two kind of data source. There are:
1) Primary data source: the Charles Dickens David
Copperfield novel.
2) Secondary data source: the data taken from the other
sources related to the research such as: autobiography of the
author, books in psychology and the website that are related
to the research in humanism psychological approach.
3. Technique of the Data Collection
The method of the data collection is library research. The
procedures are: reading the novel repeatedly and trying to imagine
understanding the novel, identifying its element, taking note in the
important point, classifying the sentence and word, selecting the
material.
4. Technique of Data Analysis
The data-analyzing technique of the research is descriptive
analysis. In this case, the researcher tries to describe the structural
elements of the novel and psychological analysis. The data will be
interpreted and analyzed in the appropriate approach, in this case is
humanistic psychological approach to show the Charles Dickens
David Copperfield.
H. Research Paper Organization
To make the reader easily understand the content of this research the
researcher organizes this research paper. The research paper will be divided
into six chapters. Chapter I is the introduction that consist of the background
of the study, literature review, problem statement, limitation of the study,
objective of the study, benefit of the study, research of the study and research
paper organization. Chapter II is underlying theory that consists of notion of
the humanism and characteristic of humanism psychological. Chapter III is the
structural analysis of the work, which includes the elements of Charles
Dickens David Copperfield novel, such as the character, characterization, plot,
setting, theme, point of view, etc. Chapter IV is Humanistic Psychological
analysis. Chapter V is the conclusion and suggestion.
Tuesday, 26 April 2011
THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF-CONCEPT IN CHARLES DICKENS DAVID COPPERFIELD: A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
A STRUGGLE FOR LOVE IN F. SCOOT FITZGERALD’S THE GREAT GATSBY : AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
SAFITRI, RIRIN FILA (2008)
Abstract
This research investigates how the major character struggle to get his love in F. Scoot Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Therefore, the study analyzed the novel in term of its structural elements and based on the an individual psychological approach The object of the study is the personality of the major character of the Jay Gatsby. The data source are literary data. Those are devided in two categories, primary data and source and secondary data source. The primary data source is the novel itself. The secondary data are the other source related to the novel. The technique of data collection of the study is library research. The technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis The outcome of the study shows that the struggle for getting love can change the personality. It is reflected in the major character’s personality, from has no problem becomes he has many problem when he wants to get his love again from his ex- girl friend.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Love can make people happy, sad, and angry. It makes people laugh
and cry. Musbikin (2002:30) says that love is sacred. It is given by Allah, It’s
priceless. It means everybody deserves to love even though he or she has to
struggle for it. In the struggle to find love, people’s personality and life style
change. People will try to be better when they meet someone that they love.
Someone who is falling in love will always feel happy and trying to look
better and better in front of the person that he love. He will do everything as
a form of sacrifice,
Love generally includes an emotion of intense attrraction to another
person, a place, or thing; and may also include the aspect of caring for or
finding identification with those objects, including self love. Love can be
described as an intense feeling of affection, an emotion or an emotional state.
In ordinary use, it usually refers to interpersonal love an experience usually
felt by a person for another person. Love is essentially an abstract concept,
easier to experience than to explain.
F. Scott Fitzgerald writes a story on the struggle of love. His novel is
The Great Gatsby. This novel consists of 186 pages and tells how James Gatz
or Jay Gatsby tries to win back his ex-girl friends heart, Daisy. In the past they
were a couple. However, since Gatsby is a poor man, Daisy’s parents did not
approve their relationship. Daisy then got married with Tom Buchanan, a rich
man from the other side of America. Since that day, Gatsby made a promise to
himself to change his life. His wish is that he wanted to become a rich man in
order to get Daisy back. By the passing of time, Gatsby’s dream comes true.
He becomes a rich man. He begins to find Daisy and her husband. He finds
them and builds a big house in front of the Island where Daisy and her
husband live. To attract Daisy’s attention, Gatsby throws parties all day long
for the rich people in town. Oneday, he meet Daisy and they have an affair.
There are many conflicts in the story. One of them is when Gatsby realizes
that Daisy is a married woman and asks her to leave her husband. Tom himself
has an affair with Mr. Wilson’s wife. Without Gatsby and Daisy knowing it,
Tom is aware of their relationship. He decides to make Gatsby fail.
In the end of the story, Gatsby is murdered by Mr. Wilson. He
suspectes that Gatsby is responsible for his wife death and he believes that her
death is not caused by an accident. Mr. Wilson knows the story from
Buchanan, he said that James Gatsby is the one who killed Mrs. Wilsons.
To know more about the novel, it is better to know about the writer.
The author F. Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24.1896, on Lourel
Avenve In St. Pauk, Minessota. His father was a Sourtherner and
Chatholic who was running a small wicker furniture business but than
work as a salesman for Protect and Gamble after the business failed. When
he was only eleven year old. His father was being fired. Such condition
brought him a feel of intense embarrassment that lather he uses it as the
social background of his heroes. His other novel is this side of paradise
(1920), the beautiful and dammed (1922), short stories all sad young man
(1890) and the last Tycan (1939).
Almost all of his literary works, novels or poems tell about an
American Dream, how American people try to get his wish getting a material
for his life or just having fun with other people. The real example is explored
in his novel “the great Gatsby”. This novel fully tells about how Americans
try to change their lives just like their dreams. Their aim makes them become
a good man, wealthy and good appearance. So, that is why the researcher is
interested in analyzing this novel by using an individual psychological
approach and takes a title “Struggle for Love in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s ”The
Great Gatsby”: an Individual Psychological Approach”
B. Literary Review
Fitzgerald is an American novelist that is very popular. As long as the
writer knows, there has been other researcher who conducted a research on the
novel. In his study, Kaharuddin (2000) discussed “James Gatz Defense
Mechanism in Fitzgerald the Great Gatsby” using psychoanalytic Approach.
In his problem he focused on Gatsby’s defense mechanism in relation with his
problem. In this opportunity the researcher decides to conduct a research on
the major character’s way on struggle for getting his ex- girl friend’s love, and
the influence that he gets because of it. Here the researcher uses an individual
psychological approach.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the title and the background of the study, the main problem
in this research is, “How is a struggle for love reflected in F.S Fitzgerald’s The
Great Gatsby?”
D. Objective of the Study
The aims of the research are follows:
1. To analyze the novel on the structural elements
2. To analyze the novel with individual psychological approach
E. Benefit of the Study
The benefits of this study are as follows:
1. Theoretical Benefit
This study is expected to give contribution to the development of
the body of knowledge, particularly the literary studies on Fitzgerald’s The
Great Gatsby.
2. Practical Benefit
It is expected to give a condition in literary field as reference to the
other researcher in analyzing this novel particularly the students of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
F. Research Method
In analyzing The Great Gatsby the writer searches for many data.
1. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby
2. Type of the Data and the Data Source
In doing this study, the writer uses two sources of data, namely
primary and secondary data sources.
a. Primary Data
The primary data source is the novel itself, The Great Gatsby by Fscott
Fitzgerald
b. Secondary Data Source
The secondary data are taken from other sources which are related to
the primary data such as the biography of the author, and website about
The Great Gatsby.
3. Technique of the Data Collection
The method of collecting data that the writer uses is library
research. Firstly, the writer reads and comprehends the primary and
secondary data source. Secondly she notes down of important information
in both sources. Then, she selects them by accepting the relevant
information with the problem and rejecting the irrelevant information that
does not support the topic of the study. Beside that the writer uses internet
to find the information about the novel and literary theory that she uses.
4. Technique of the Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer employs descriptive qualitative
analysis or content analysis. The analysis is started on the author and then
the structural analysis of the novel and finally the individual analysis of
the literature.
G. Paper Organization
The paper consists of five chapters and each of them is sub divided
into sub sequent division. Chapter one is the introduction that consists of
background of the study, literature review, problem of the study, objective of
the study, benefit of the study, research method, theoretical approach and
paper organization. Chapter two is the underlying theory, namely explaining
about principle theory of personality. Chapter three is structural analysis; the
researcher explains the structural elements of the story and discussion. Chapter
four is data analysis; it presents six basic principle of an individual
psychological approach. This chapter represents the application of the
underlying theory in which the novel is analyzed by means of Adler’s
individual psychology. Finally, the last chapter integrates the overall
discussion and brings it to the conclusion of the study.