NUGROHO, ARIEF ADHY MONO (2008)
Abstract
The major problem of this study is the importance of self-concept of David in the Charles Dickens novel’s David Copperfield. The study is focused on the major character, namely David Copperfield. The researcher employs qualitative method. In this method, the researcher uses two data sources, namely primary and secondary data resources. The primary data source is the novel itself. The secondary data sources are the books about the psychology, some books about self concept, the autobiography of the author and the other sources which are related to the analysis. The method of data collection is library research and the technique of data collection is descriptive technique. ased on the analysis, the outcome of this study shows that the importance of the major character self concept is the way how to solve the problem faced and how to develop self concept in major character’s life. Then, there are elements of self concept in the David characteristic which is shown by Dickens and to be a fully functioning person. The problem in David life can be solved by showing the good self concept and the characteristic of fully functioning person. So, his ways to develop his self concept makes David solve his problem to become a fully functioning person and reach the happiness in his life.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
People in this world want to be appreciated and regarded by the others.
That’s why people like to do another thing that comes out of their character.
They want their life and their attendances to be useful and see by the others.
For those, people want their existence to be regarded. That’s the reasons why
people like to do things out of the character. That’s one of the reasons why
people like to be regarded in this life. It is related to the human psychology.
The main point of the psychology is dealing with the life of the human beings.
It can be shown in the hope, ambition, sadness, joy, needs and respect. They
show that humans have a unique thing inside of them. It makes people have
different dreams, hopes, desire, needs and the way to make all of it work in
life. People have a different style and problem that face in life.
Roger states that a person’s unique subjunctive experience of reality
and self are central to any dynamic understanding of personality (Dworetzky,
1988: 428). Every person has his/her own character and identity. They show
the identity to people in order to understand about their self concept. If the
people are able to control and understand the self concept it will make the
people take a right decision and determined their choice of life. If their self
concept are consists and stable it makes the people have a strong character and
able to make the right choices. It also makes the person never feel neglect to
the choice that he/she take. If the self concept changed readily that makes the
person lack of the consistency of character personality in life.
One of the literary novels that are related to self concept is David
Copperfield by Charles Dickens, a British writer (1812-1870). He was born in
Portsmouth, England in February 7, 1812. He lived in with the people in
under condition as a worker in the factory. He takes this situation and the
conditions of the working-class people as major themes of his works. Dickens
wrote, "No advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no support
from anyone that I can call to mind, so help me God!", Journalism Dickens
became a journalist, reporting parliamentary debate and traveling Britain. His
journalism informed his first collection of pieces. Most of his novels first
appeared in serialized form. In his early twenties he made a name for himself
with his first novel The Pickwick Papers. Novels Among his best known
works are Great Expectations, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Nicholas
Nickleby, and A Christmas Carol. David Copperfield is argued by some to be
his best novel it is certainly his most autobiographical. He was a fierce critic
of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society.
David Copperfield is a novel that has a major theme throughout, the
discipline of the emotion and moral life. We learn to go against "the first
mistaken impulse of the undisciplined heart", a theme which is repeated
throughout all the relationships and characters in the novel. The characters are
those who have disciplined hearts, those who lack disciplined hearts, or those
who develop disciplined hearts over time.
David Copperfield character is a person who ever makes a mistake and
learns how to make a better situation. In this novel David is able to develop
his life and able to control the needs, dreams and desire of something. In this
novel David is a major character that has a complicated problem in his life,
which is able to be solved and not yet solved.
The novel makes the researcher interested in David’s life, in the way
he makes the decision in the different situation and different solution without
leave his self-concept. The problem faced and the reaction of the environment
to David is also interesting. So, the researcher is interested in how David
makes his life better. The self concept of David is the point why he is able to
make right decisions. Beside that if David makes mistakes, he is able to make
it better, not only make a better decision but also make a better situation from
the first decision. Self concept is the mental and conceptual understanding and
persistent regard that sentient beings hold for his existence. The overview of
self-concept theory has focused on the describing the ways people organize
and interpret their inner world of personal existence.
The approach which is used to analyze the novel is humanistic. In the
humanistic psychology the environmental situation, social life and the self
conflict are the basic element of self concept. The life of David and the choice
of David life is a unique one. It is also supported with this great writer of the
novel. That’s why this research is interesting to study. It is complete that the
researcher has the right method and background of the study, then the
researcher uses a title “The Importance of Self-Concept in Charles Dickens
David Copperfield: a Humanistic Psychological Approach”
B. Literature Review
The researcher found a research related to the study about David
Copperfield by Charles Dickens. In Muhamadiyah University of Surakarta,
the research was conducted by Ulfatul Khasanah entitled: The Struggle for
Life in Charles Dickens David Copperfield: Individual Psychological
Approach. The problem in her research was about the aims of David
Copperfield life based on the Individual Psychological approach. She also
analyzed the struggle of David to get his aim in the novel. In Sebelas Maret
University (UNS) the researcher did not found the research related to the
study. The research believes that there must be other researchers who have
developed and analyzed the novel, because it is a great author and novel in the
literature.
C. Problem Statement
The problem that the researcher wants to study is about the David
Copperfield’s life described in Charles Dickens novels. Through the way and
the condition of the major character, the researcher formulated the major
problem in this study that is the importance of self-concept of David in the
Charles Dickens novel’s David Copperfield.
D. Limitation of the Study
In conducting the research, the researcher limits the problem on the
self-concept of David as the major character in the Charles Dickens, David
Copperfield. The researcher uses the humanistic psychological approach that
is related to the way of life in the major character in the novel.
E. Objective of the Study
Considering the problem statement above, the objectives of the study
in the research are:
1. To analyze the novels based on its structure elements
2. To analyze the novels based on humanistic psychological
F. Benefit of the Study
This study will give the benefit as following:
1. Theoretical Benefit
For the academic benefit, the researcher hopes that this
research can give the additional information to the large body of
the literature view and structural elements such as: the
characterization, plot, setting, style, etc.
2. Practical Benefit
For practical benefit, the researcher hopes that the research
can give the deeper understanding in the novel based on humanistic
psychological approach.
G. Research Method
The research method used by the researcher is described as follows:
1. Object of the Study
The researcher took the Charles Dickens novel David
Copperfield as the object of her study.
2. Type of the Data and Data Source
a. Type of the Data
The type of the data is a text that consists of sentence,
clause, phrase and word.
b. The Data Source
The researcher uses two kind of data source. There are:
1) Primary data source: the Charles Dickens David
Copperfield novel.
2) Secondary data source: the data taken from the other
sources related to the research such as: autobiography of the
author, books in psychology and the website that are related
to the research in humanism psychological approach.
3. Technique of the Data Collection
The method of the data collection is library research. The
procedures are: reading the novel repeatedly and trying to imagine
understanding the novel, identifying its element, taking note in the
important point, classifying the sentence and word, selecting the
material.
4. Technique of Data Analysis
The data-analyzing technique of the research is descriptive
analysis. In this case, the researcher tries to describe the structural
elements of the novel and psychological analysis. The data will be
interpreted and analyzed in the appropriate approach, in this case is
humanistic psychological approach to show the Charles Dickens
David Copperfield.
H. Research Paper Organization
To make the reader easily understand the content of this research the
researcher organizes this research paper. The research paper will be divided
into six chapters. Chapter I is the introduction that consist of the background
of the study, literature review, problem statement, limitation of the study,
objective of the study, benefit of the study, research of the study and research
paper organization. Chapter II is underlying theory that consists of notion of
the humanism and characteristic of humanism psychological. Chapter III is the
structural analysis of the work, which includes the elements of Charles
Dickens David Copperfield novel, such as the character, characterization, plot,
setting, theme, point of view, etc. Chapter IV is Humanistic Psychological
analysis. Chapter V is the conclusion and suggestion.
Tuesday, 26 April 2011
THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF-CONCEPT IN CHARLES DICKENS DAVID COPPERFIELD: A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
AGAINST SLAVERY AND APPRESSION IN STAN LEY KUBRICK’S SPARTACUS : A MARXIST APPROACH
Martini, Palupi (2008)
Abstract
This research paper is mainly intended to analyze the movie based on its structural elements and to analyze the class struggle of major character based on Marxist perspective. The researcher employs qualitative method. In this method, the researcher uses two data sources, namely primary and secondary data sources. The primary data sources are taken from attitude, dialogue and all statement in the text of the movie which are relevant with the research. The secondary data sources are taken from the literature on theory of Marxism, review, public responses, and director’s biography that are relevant with the research. The method of data collection is library research which data are based on non human sources and the technique of data collection is descriptive qualitative analysis. Based on the analysis, the result of this study is as follows. Firstly, the structural elements and technical elements in Spartacus movie can support the theme. The director wants to deliver the theme that freedom is not given but must be struggled for. Secondly, this movie contains values that represent Marxist principles, especially on the dialectical materialism, historical materialism, alienation, class struggle, revolution and ideology.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Spartacus is an historical Epic Movie. It is based on the 1951 historical
novel of the same name by Howard Fast. The movie is directed by Stanley
Kubrick and produced by Kirk Douglas. Douglass is not only producer but
also the actor as Spartacus. It is distributed by Universal. Moreover, Spartacus
begins shooting on 27 January 1959 and release on 6 October 1960. It takes
place in Italy but it is filmed in different place out of Italy. For example, the
beginnings of the movie with salt mine in California’s Death Valley National
Park and the battle Scenes in Spain. According to Cineaste who states in
internet that it spends an expensive production about $12 million that take 167
days to film. It premieres in New York City on 6th October 1960 with run time
184 minutes and re-release in 1967 with run time 161 minutes and again rerelease
in 1991 with run time 198 minutes. Spartacus is the name of major
character in Spartacus movie and he is a slave that revolt against slavery and
oppression in the year 71 B.C.
The film begins with slaves working in the Roman Province of Libya
where a Roman soldier whips and tells to Thracian slave named Spartacus to
go back to work. Before that, he helps a man that has fallen down. Because of
Callous treatment, he attacks and bites one of Roman soldier’s ankle. For this,
he is tied up and sentenced to death by starvation. Meanwhile, Lentulus
Batiatus (The owner of gladiatorial games) arrives to looking for recruits
Glardiator. He inspects the teeth of several slaves before finally select on
Spartacus. Spartacus is selected because he is recognized with his unbroken
spirit along his good health and physical condition. Batiatus brings Spartacus
and other slaves to Capua whereby his Gladiatoral training camp is located.
Once upon a time, Crassus with some friends visits Batiatus. He wants
two pairs of private gladiators fighting to the death. Spartacus, Crixus, Galino
and Draba are selected to entertain them. The first fighting are Crixus and
Galino, in which Crixus is win. Next, Spartacus versus Draba but Spartacus
loses. However, Draba refuses to kill him instead he throws his trident to the
audience and leaping to attack the Romans. Unfortunately, he is killed before
succeed to kill one of the Roman. As he leaves, he buys a pretty slave woman
named Varinia whom Batiatus has paired to Spartacus and they love each
other.
Spartacus sees Varinia is brought by Soldier. Mercellus said to
Spartacus that Varinia have been sold to Crassus then Spartacus shouts that
“Varinia is sold”. Meanwhile, Marcellus whips Spartacus mouth and shout
that “Slaves don’t speak in the kitchen!”. In broken heart at his loss of Varinia
and Callous treatment, Spartacus and the other slave rebel and escape from
Batiatus house. They seize Capua and rob Romans property than go to
Vulvius Mountain. Spartacus’ plan is going to by sea and he cooperates with
Cicilian pirates with pays them with slaves’ plunder.
Along their way, Spartacus and the slaves looking for the people who
want to join with them. Beside that, Spartacus meets Varinia and they life
together till Varinia pregnant.
When slaves arrive in the coast, they don’t find one of Cicilian ship
because they have been bought by Crassus. He knows Spartacus’ plan from
disgusted Ceasar who leak Ghraccus’ secret that he helps Spartacus in order to
Crassus loses opportunity in public election.
The climatic battle begins with Spartacus leading thousands slaves
against Garrison of Rome that lead by Crassus. During the fighting, the slaves
enjoy some success, but later, the slave forces are to be weak because of the
arrival of the armies of Pompey and Lucullus. The battle result is the defeat of
the rebellious slaves. Roman Soldiers catch some survivors, including
Spartacus and Antonius.
After the battle, Crassus promises to spare Rebel slave if they can
show where Spartacus is. Spartacus and Antonius stand up, at the same time,
but before Spartacus admit who is he, Antonius shouts “I’m Spartacus!”.
Meanwhile, one by one, each surviving slaves stands and claims to be
Spartacus with shouting out “I’m Spartacus!”. For that, Crassus asks to the
soldier to crucify survivor along Appian Way. In addition, he wants Antonius
who his ex-servant and Spartacus who he is still remember face and name in
Capua as Spartacus to be crucified for the last and they must fight in gladiator
arena. Crassus takes Varinia to his house in order that she will be his mine. In
other hand, Varinia brakes Crassus’ heart. For that, Crassus is very impatient
waiting for next day when Antonius and Spartacus is crucified for the last. He
insists them to fighting as Gladiator and declares that the winner will be
crucified. So, between Spartacus and Antonius try to kill each other, in order
to spare his companion a slow and agonizing death on the cross. Spartacus
wins the battle and crucified for the last time.
Before Gracchus commits suicide, he asks Batiatus to steal Varinia
from Crassus, and then he gives freedom for her. Batiatus and Varinia leave
for Gaul via Appian way and find Spartacus hanging on the last cross in not
quite dead. Varinia shows their newborn son; vowing she and their son will be
grow up as a freeman; and promises to tell who is his father his dream of free
from slavery and oppression. With one last breath, Spartacus’ head bent of and
Varinia gets back to the Chart and rides on.
Spartacus’ responses are many pro and contras. Some of the audiences
have different comment about this movie, but most of them praise this movie.
For instance Sonatine states in internet, the appeal point of Spartacus movie is
that the story very dramatics, so that the movie makes she sheds a tear. She
argues that ” it is not often I shed a tears at the movies but after the final battle
scene, the victories Crassus wants to know who Spartacus is amongst the
walking wounded. One by one they stand up and declare “I’m Spartacus!”
while Douglas looked on, the tears rolling down my face”.
According to Tom Rito who argues in internet, the interesting point is
in the cast and director; he is attracted with the actor and Kubricks’ brilliant
idea in making Spartacus movie. The character that he plays can touch him
and add the movies soul. He states “it has great acting and more soul as a film.
I would not change a thing. Kubrick is at his best making us feel everything on
a human level while giving us a visual masterpiece”.
Spartacus is a successful box office. Spartacus budget is $12 million
and is the most expensive picture have ever made. It can give abundance gross
income to box office as follows. The theatrical performance total in United
States is $ 30 million, International gross is $30 million, worldwide gross is $
60 mllion, and cumulative Box Office is $1,659,554, placing third on the list
of the top money making films of 1960.
Spartacus is nominated for six Academy Awards and wins four Oscars
and again wins in Golden Globe 1960. At 1960, Spartacus wins Oscar in the
Best Art Direction-set Decoration category by Russel A. Gausman, Julia
Heron, Eric W. Orbom, and Alexander Golitzen. For the best Cinematography
category, Spartacus movie is won by Russell L. Metty. The best costume
design by Irene vales and Bill Thomas and also winning the best supporting
Actor category by Peter Ustinov. Moreover, Spartacus wins Golden Globe for
Best Picture-Drama.
Spartacus is interesting to be analyzed because it has so several appeal
points that come from the character, props, casting, cinematography, plot, and
theme. The characters are terrific because they are able to make the audience
feel for them and make the audiences feel like involve there. The character as
if jumped off the screen that makes the audience cheer at their victories and
cry at their defeats.
The property can raise appropriate audiences’ imagery in 71 B.C
although it doesn’t make in Rome, the audiences can feel an ancient
atmosphere of Rome when they are watching. The building and the props
create in detail. In addition, make a movie at past era is more difficult than
present era because filmmaker must analyze on historical in its society and
create the props in order to the theme of the movie can be delivered.
In addition, the actor in Spartacus is an action movie and the actor
should have good stamina because it presents a lot of extreme scene such like
war scene, falling, running, dragging and the place of action is in the hot
place. Moreover, the actor is suitable with the character that they play. Beside
that, Spartacus presents more than 500 figurative characters.
The cinematography is awesome and it can be proved Spartacus wins
an Oscar in cinematography at 1960. The image has used panchromatic, so the
image is very sharp. In take the image is well expose, it means the image is
not too dark or not too bright. Moreover, between sound and image is
synchronic. It shows wide background and forward. The uses of make up, set
dressing, costume can contribute a profound character.
The plot is very dramatic rare slow but in every second is worthed and
exciting. There is a lot of conflict as a favor of the movie that can raise the
curiosity and waiting for what happen next. The end of plot makes the
audience satisfied realize a breath even move to tears.
The most interesting in Spartacus movie is the theme. The director’s
idea on Spartacus is that freedom is not given but has to struggle for. The
interesting point, Spartacus is to be slave before his thirteenth years old. Yet,
he is a freeman before the Roman takes him in Thrace to be worker in stone
mining. He wants to get his former freedom with rebellion against the Roman.
The director also wants to share his idea that freedom is expensive; it is
reflected in many scenes which the slaves should sacrifice their body, soul and
property in order to reach their freedom.
Stimulated by all of fact clarified above, this research aims at
describing the slaves to rebels against Roman emperor to get the freedom from
slavery and oppression. Moreover, the researcher is interested in employs
Marxist approach. The writer chooses the title “AGAINST SLAVERY AND
OPPRESSION IN STANLEY KUBRICK’S SPARTACUS: MARXIST
APPROACH”.
B. Literature Review
The analysis of Stanley Kubrick’s Spartacus movie has been studied.
The researcher finds two articles in internet that studied on it. The first
researcher is William J. Felchner entitled Spartacus movie classic 1960 in
2008, he focuses on how spectacular of Spartacus movie. He concludes that
Spartacus is based on novel by Howard Fast that involve more than 76,000
people and it cost is $12 million and it is successful box office that gross $11,1
million at the box office and placing the third on the list of the top money
making.
The second researcher is Cineaste entitled who kill Spartacus? In
1990, he focuses on the reason why the director name Stanley Kubrick makes
the Spartacus movie. He concludes that the director wants to intrigue the
Spartacus character who he just a slave but almost destroy the Roma and make
them ashamed.
Different from two previous researches, this research focuses on
against to slavery and oppression employs Marxist approach. The researcher
also analyzes the structural elements of movie and related it with the Marxist
theory.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the background, the researcher proposes problem how
Spartacus and slaves rebel against slavery and oppression as reflected in
Stainley Kubrick’s Spartacus. In addition, the explanation on slavery and
oppression will be described as follows:
Slavery is forced labor condition where a person is compelled to work
to the master or the slave owner. They lost their freedom if they are sold to the
master and the unlawfulness of slavery make slave to resist the oppression of
their masters. Slave can not leave an owner, they must have a passport to
leaving the owner and they will be returned to the owner if they escape.
Slavery is a violation of sacred rights, the infliction of a great wrong which are
universally adopted through the civilized world (Channing: 59).
Oppression is treated as though its scope includes any and all human
experience of limitation or suffering. Oppression means the cruel rule of
bourgeoisie to marginal group that economically and culturally marginalized
groups endure suffering. The oppression of the working classes, economic
exploitation is the fundamental oppression in society. The condition is the
owner oppress working person, the working persons who must obey the
master. Moreover, oppression is lack of respect for members of the oppressed
group (Frye, 1997: 34-35).
D. Objective of the Study
The researcher proposes some objectives of the study as follow:
1. To analyze the movie based on its structural elements.
2. To analyze the movie based on Marxist approach.
E. Limitation of the Study
The researcher limits the study on the struggle against slavery and
oppression in Stanley Kubrick’s Spartacus movie by using Marxist Approach.
F. Benefit of the Study
The benefits expected from this research as follows
1. Theoretical Benefit
To give some information which can be used by the other
researcher who are interested in analyzing this literary work.
2. Practical Benefit
To give deeper understanding in literary field as the reference to
the other researcher and to enrich the literary study on Marxist issues in
Stanley Kubrick’s Spartacus film.
G. Research Method
1. Type of Study
The researcher uses qualitative or library research which data are
based on non human sources.
2. Object of the Study
The object of the research is against slavery and oppression in
Stanley Kubrick’s in Spartacus film.
3. Type of Data and the Data Source
In this research, the researcher uses two data sources that are
primary and secondary data sources as follows:
a. Primary Data Sources
The data is taken from Spartacus movie by Stanley Kubrick and
it is taken from attitude, dialogue and all statement in the text of the
movie which relevant with the research.
b. Secondary Data Sources
The data is taken from the literature on theory of Marxism,
review, public responses, and director’s biography that relevant with
the research.
4. Technique of the Data Collection
The data are collected from film and articles related the topic. To
make the data more complete the writer is doing some steps. The steps as
follows:
a. Watching the film and reading the articles that connected to the
research repeatedly.
b. Finding the important data.
c. Arranging the data into several parts and classifying it.
d. Developing the data that are provided.
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
The data are analyzed by using descriptive qualitative analysis.
This is an interpretation of the content analysis to get characteristics of the
data for Marxist analysis of Karl Marx’s theory at the Spartacus film.
H. Paper Organization
The paper consists of six chapters. The first chapter is introduction,
which explains the background of the study, literary review, problem
statement, objective of the study, limitation of the study, benefit of the study,
research method and paper organization. The second chapter is underlying
theory that consists of notion Marxist approach, major principles of Marxist,
structural elements of the movie and technical elements of the movie. The
third chapter is American social background in the middle of twentieth
century. The fourth chapter is structural analysis of the movie which is divided
into structural elements and technical elements of the movie. Structural
elements involve character and characterization, setting, point of view, plot,
and theme. Furthermore, technical elements consists of two namely
cinematography and mise en scene. Cinematography involves perspective of
shot, framing of shot and duration of image; in addition, mise en scene
consists of setting, set dressing, costume and props, dressing and make up.
The fifth chapter is Marxist analysis that consists of dialectical materialism,
historical materialism, alienation, class struggle, revolution and ideology.
Furthermore, the last chapter is conclusion and suggestion.
A STRUGGLE FOR LOVE IN F. SCOOT FITZGERALD’S THE GREAT GATSBY : AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
SAFITRI, RIRIN FILA (2008)
Abstract
This research investigates how the major character struggle to get his love in F. Scoot Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Therefore, the study analyzed the novel in term of its structural elements and based on the an individual psychological approach The object of the study is the personality of the major character of the Jay Gatsby. The data source are literary data. Those are devided in two categories, primary data and source and secondary data source. The primary data source is the novel itself. The secondary data are the other source related to the novel. The technique of data collection of the study is library research. The technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis The outcome of the study shows that the struggle for getting love can change the personality. It is reflected in the major character’s personality, from has no problem becomes he has many problem when he wants to get his love again from his ex- girl friend.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Love can make people happy, sad, and angry. It makes people laugh
and cry. Musbikin (2002:30) says that love is sacred. It is given by Allah, It’s
priceless. It means everybody deserves to love even though he or she has to
struggle for it. In the struggle to find love, people’s personality and life style
change. People will try to be better when they meet someone that they love.
Someone who is falling in love will always feel happy and trying to look
better and better in front of the person that he love. He will do everything as
a form of sacrifice,
Love generally includes an emotion of intense attrraction to another
person, a place, or thing; and may also include the aspect of caring for or
finding identification with those objects, including self love. Love can be
described as an intense feeling of affection, an emotion or an emotional state.
In ordinary use, it usually refers to interpersonal love an experience usually
felt by a person for another person. Love is essentially an abstract concept,
easier to experience than to explain.
F. Scott Fitzgerald writes a story on the struggle of love. His novel is
The Great Gatsby. This novel consists of 186 pages and tells how James Gatz
or Jay Gatsby tries to win back his ex-girl friends heart, Daisy. In the past they
were a couple. However, since Gatsby is a poor man, Daisy’s parents did not
approve their relationship. Daisy then got married with Tom Buchanan, a rich
man from the other side of America. Since that day, Gatsby made a promise to
himself to change his life. His wish is that he wanted to become a rich man in
order to get Daisy back. By the passing of time, Gatsby’s dream comes true.
He becomes a rich man. He begins to find Daisy and her husband. He finds
them and builds a big house in front of the Island where Daisy and her
husband live. To attract Daisy’s attention, Gatsby throws parties all day long
for the rich people in town. Oneday, he meet Daisy and they have an affair.
There are many conflicts in the story. One of them is when Gatsby realizes
that Daisy is a married woman and asks her to leave her husband. Tom himself
has an affair with Mr. Wilson’s wife. Without Gatsby and Daisy knowing it,
Tom is aware of their relationship. He decides to make Gatsby fail.
In the end of the story, Gatsby is murdered by Mr. Wilson. He
suspectes that Gatsby is responsible for his wife death and he believes that her
death is not caused by an accident. Mr. Wilson knows the story from
Buchanan, he said that James Gatsby is the one who killed Mrs. Wilsons.
To know more about the novel, it is better to know about the writer.
The author F. Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24.1896, on Lourel
Avenve In St. Pauk, Minessota. His father was a Sourtherner and
Chatholic who was running a small wicker furniture business but than
work as a salesman for Protect and Gamble after the business failed. When
he was only eleven year old. His father was being fired. Such condition
brought him a feel of intense embarrassment that lather he uses it as the
social background of his heroes. His other novel is this side of paradise
(1920), the beautiful and dammed (1922), short stories all sad young man
(1890) and the last Tycan (1939).
Almost all of his literary works, novels or poems tell about an
American Dream, how American people try to get his wish getting a material
for his life or just having fun with other people. The real example is explored
in his novel “the great Gatsby”. This novel fully tells about how Americans
try to change their lives just like their dreams. Their aim makes them become
a good man, wealthy and good appearance. So, that is why the researcher is
interested in analyzing this novel by using an individual psychological
approach and takes a title “Struggle for Love in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s ”The
Great Gatsby”: an Individual Psychological Approach”
B. Literary Review
Fitzgerald is an American novelist that is very popular. As long as the
writer knows, there has been other researcher who conducted a research on the
novel. In his study, Kaharuddin (2000) discussed “James Gatz Defense
Mechanism in Fitzgerald the Great Gatsby” using psychoanalytic Approach.
In his problem he focused on Gatsby’s defense mechanism in relation with his
problem. In this opportunity the researcher decides to conduct a research on
the major character’s way on struggle for getting his ex- girl friend’s love, and
the influence that he gets because of it. Here the researcher uses an individual
psychological approach.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the title and the background of the study, the main problem
in this research is, “How is a struggle for love reflected in F.S Fitzgerald’s The
Great Gatsby?”
D. Objective of the Study
The aims of the research are follows:
1. To analyze the novel on the structural elements
2. To analyze the novel with individual psychological approach
E. Benefit of the Study
The benefits of this study are as follows:
1. Theoretical Benefit
This study is expected to give contribution to the development of
the body of knowledge, particularly the literary studies on Fitzgerald’s The
Great Gatsby.
2. Practical Benefit
It is expected to give a condition in literary field as reference to the
other researcher in analyzing this novel particularly the students of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
F. Research Method
In analyzing The Great Gatsby the writer searches for many data.
1. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby
2. Type of the Data and the Data Source
In doing this study, the writer uses two sources of data, namely
primary and secondary data sources.
a. Primary Data
The primary data source is the novel itself, The Great Gatsby by Fscott
Fitzgerald
b. Secondary Data Source
The secondary data are taken from other sources which are related to
the primary data such as the biography of the author, and website about
The Great Gatsby.
3. Technique of the Data Collection
The method of collecting data that the writer uses is library
research. Firstly, the writer reads and comprehends the primary and
secondary data source. Secondly she notes down of important information
in both sources. Then, she selects them by accepting the relevant
information with the problem and rejecting the irrelevant information that
does not support the topic of the study. Beside that the writer uses internet
to find the information about the novel and literary theory that she uses.
4. Technique of the Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer employs descriptive qualitative
analysis or content analysis. The analysis is started on the author and then
the structural analysis of the novel and finally the individual analysis of
the literature.
G. Paper Organization
The paper consists of five chapters and each of them is sub divided
into sub sequent division. Chapter one is the introduction that consists of
background of the study, literature review, problem of the study, objective of
the study, benefit of the study, research method, theoretical approach and
paper organization. Chapter two is the underlying theory, namely explaining
about principle theory of personality. Chapter three is structural analysis; the
researcher explains the structural elements of the story and discussion. Chapter
four is data analysis; it presents six basic principle of an individual
psychological approach. This chapter represents the application of the
underlying theory in which the novel is analyzed by means of Adler’s
individual psychology. Finally, the last chapter integrates the overall
discussion and brings it to the conclusion of the study.
Monday, 25 April 2011
EFFECTS OF JEALOUSY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEONTE’S ATTITUDE IN SHAKESPEARE’S THE WINTER’S TALE A BEHAVIORISM APPROACH
SUWARSIH, CHOTIJAH ASTRI (2008)
Abstract
This research investigates mental condition of the man’s attitude caused by jealousy in the relationship with his wife, especially viewed by behaviorism approach. This study belongs to qualitative study. In this method, the writer uses two data sources; they are primary and secondary data sources. The primary data source and the object of the study is the play, The Winter’s Tale itself, meanwhile the secondary ones are books of literature and psychology related to this study. The writer collects the data from both primary and secondary data sources in a sort of document evidence. The result of the study is that Leontes’ attitude in William Shakespeare The Winter’s Tale is reflected through characters and characterization, plot and theme. Shakespeare shows the changeable mental condition of people caused by attitude and jealousy in their relationship with other people around them.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
A drama has a unique design compared with the other literary forms. A
drama or a play is written to be acted on the stage. Drama represents the
experience or the picture of human life. By enjoying drama, we also get a
study of human characters. As Roby and Ulanov (1962: 11) define that a play
is about an action, a happening in human life.
Reaske explains in his book How to Analyze Drama:
”A drama is a work of literature or composition, which
delineates life and human activity by means of presenting
various actions of- and dialogues between groups of
characters” (1966: 5).
The statement explains that drama represents the experience or
illustration of human life and his activities or actions. They are expressed
through dialogues among the characters. This means that we can study about
human life and their actions or activities by reading drama. One of them is
about Shakespeare’s plays in The Winter’s Tale.
Because Shakespeare took no interest in publication of his plays, his
drama got into print in uncertain and unreliable ways. It is difficult to say
which plays, if any come to us straight from Shakespeare’s manuscripts.
Corrupt texts abound. The Winter’s Tale was never published during
Shakespeare’s life. The play was first printed in 1623, in the collection of
plays known as the First Folio. Modern publications of the play are based
directly on this First Folio printing.
Based on the fact above, the researcher intends to conduct a study on
psychological aspect of a character in play. The researcher then focused on the
effects of Leontes attitude toward other characters, one of the major characters
in The Winter’s Tale, a novel written by William Shakespeare.
Every human being cannot avoid the changes that happen in their
surrounding. It is a problem in the real world and in daily life. But sometimes
the changes that happen not always make different meaning. People react
differently when something comes up in their lives. They react positively if
they can adapt to something new that brought in their life. They can also react
negatively if they fear of something new. They feel that the new changes only
destroy their life system.
Sometimes in our daily life, there are many kinds of problem we have
to face, for example, problems in the household, in the relationship between
people and the other problems in their life. Every human being is unique based
on different attitude and character he has. He must have big power and big
patience, if he does not want to be lost in the real world.
For some people, jealousy may be beneficial because it can warn them
about the threat or impending danger, so that they can prepare a proper way to
overcome it. For the most people, jealousy can be dangerous because if they
cannot handle it, it may influence them, so that they may do anything to
overcome it although it seems irrational and cruel.
The attitude of jealousy is psychological problem in the daily life. We
often see people who are jealousy and confused. Although jealousy happens to
people in the real life, it is also possible that jealousy happens to fictive
characters in a literary work. The fictive characters in the literary work,
therefore, are treated as the real person in the real of human life.
The jealousy for human life gives inspiration to Shakespeare to
produce the play about it. Shakespeare lived in a time of great transformation
for Western Europe. New advances in science were overturning ancient ideas
about astronomy and physics. The discovery of the Americas had transformed
the European conception of the world. Increasingly available translations of
classical texts were a powerful influence on English Literature and art.
Christian and pagan worldviews interacted with each other in rich and often
paradoxical ways, and signs of that complicated interaction are present in The
Winter’s Tale. On stage at least, this mix meant that plays set in the classical
era often portrayed people and places in a fascinating and complicated hybrid
form, half-Renaissance and half-classical.
The Winter’s Tale was one of Shakespeare’s last plays, written in the
years between 1608 and 1612. Many of the concerns of the play reflect
familiar political issues of the day. At the center of the play is a royal family
separated by tragedy, and their miraculous reunification provides the play’s
happy ending. Prior to 1603, England had gone a long time without a full
royal family: Elizabeth had been childless and unmarried, meaning that
England had majesty Virgin Queen who was worshipped and adored. But they
had no full royal family that they could look to as a model for their own
families, no central family to act as symbolic microcosm for the larger family
of the English nation. In 1603, James I ascended to the throne, and suddenly
England had such a family. This significant event undoubtedly influenced the
writing of The Winter’s tale.
The interesting part discussed in this play is about the attitude of King
Leontes in his jealousy of his wife with the Polixenes. He is a Leontes’s best
friend. Based on the psychological theory, the researcher will analyze the play
by using a behaviorism approach. The figure of King Leontes is a reflection of
human being who has emotional disturbance. The disturbance is indicated by
his jealousy that influences behavior.
Based on the explanation above, the writer purposes Behaviorism
Approach to study about Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale and the writer
entitled this paper: EFFECTS OF JEALOUSY ON THE DEVELOPMENT
OF LEONTES’ ATTITUDE IN SHAKESPEARE’S THE WINTER’S TALE:
A BEHAVIORISM APPROACH.
B. Literary Review
As long as the researcher knows, there has been other researcher who
did a research about the play, namely Ninik Puspito Rini. The title to her
research is Anxiety in William Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale:
Psychoanalytic Perspective. In her researches he focused on the King
Leontes’s anxiety that influences his personality in his life in the William
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale.
In this occasion, the researcher tries to conduct the research paper on
the Effects of Jealousy on the Development of Leontes’ Attitude in
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale which appears by using a behaviorism approach.
C. Problem Statement
The problem of the study is focused on the effects of jealousy on the
development of the protagonist’s attitude toward other characters in William
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale.
D. Limitation of the Study
In this research, the researcher will focus on the analysis of the major
character in Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale viewed from A Behaviorism
Approach
E. Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To analyze the structural elements of the play.
2. To analyze the play based on a behaviorism approach.
F. Benefit of the Study
There are two benefits of the study:
1. Theoretical Benefit
Theoretically the result of the study contributes to the larger body of
knowledge particularly literary study on Winter’s Tale of Shakespeare.
2. Practical Benefit
Practically, the study can add the knowledge to the researcher of the
behaviorism theory applied in a literary work, particularly on The Winter’s
Tale in Shakespeare.
G. Research Method
In this research, the writer takes a certain procedure covering some
steps. They are:
1. Type of the Study
This research can be categorized as a type of descriptive qualitative
research, because this research has an objective to give an explanation
rather than in number as the form of the data.
2. Object of the Study
The researcher takes Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale as the object of
her study.
3. Type of the Data and the Data Source
The data employed in this research are classified into two groups. The
first is the primary source and the second is secondary source.
a. Primary Data Source.
Primary data sources are those which are closest to the source of
the answers for a research. The data are taken from the play
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale Scripts by William Shakespeare. The
primary source involves the dialogues between or among the
characters, ideas, ways of thinking, attitudes and the whole narration of
the play, which is relevant to the subject matter of this research.
b. Secondary Source.
The secondary data sources are from any information related to
the play and the references of some books of psychology and theory of
literary books. The data are not obtained from the play but they are
taken from others sources like criticism, essay, the author biography,
and other information which are relevant to the subject matters in the
research problem.
4. Technique of the Data Collection
The writer takes some steps such are:
a. Reading the play The Winter’s Tale. After that the writer has an
analysis in this play whether or not the jealousy has effects to the
main character’s attitude toward other character.
b. Taking notes of the important part in primary and secondary data.
c. Browsing to the internet to get some information that related the topic.
d. Classifying the data into some categories which relevant from the analysis.
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer employs descriptive qualitative
analysis of content analysis. The analysis is started from the structural
analysis of the work and finally the behaviorism analysis of the literary work.
H. Paper Organization
This study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is
introduction which explains the background of the study, literature review,
problem statement, limitation of the study, objective of the study, benefit of
study, research method and paper organization. The second chapter is dealing
with review of underlying theory; in this chapter the writer explains the
notion, the pioneer of behaviorism, principles, Relationship between Jealousy
and Attitude and theoretical application. The third chapter is structural
analysis; in this chapter the writer explains the structural elements of the play
and discussion. The fourth chapter is behaviorism analysis of the play, and the
last chapter is conclusion and suggestion.